Who, That, Which

This one's for you, Phil!

Rule 1.
Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or things.

Examples:
Anya is the one who rescued the bird.
Lokua is on the team that won first place.
She belongs to an organization that specializes in saving endangered species.

Rule 2.
That introduces essential clauses while which introduces nonessential clauses.

Examples:
I do not trust editorials that claim racial differences in intelligence.
We would not know which editorials were being discussed without the that clause.
The editorial claiming racial differences in intelligence, which appeared in the Sunday newspaper, upset me.
The editorial is already identified. Therefore, which begins a nonessential clause.

NOTE: Essential clauses do not have commas surrounding them while nonessential clauses are surrounded by commas.

Rule 3.
If this, that, these, or those has already introduced an essential clause, you may use which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or nonessential.

Examples:
That is a decision which you must live with for the rest of your life.
Those ideas, which we've discussed thoroughly enough, do not need to be addressed again.

NOTE: Often, you can streamline your sentence by leaving out which.

Example:
Those ideas, which we have discussed thoroughly, do not need to be addressed again.
Better:
The ideas we have discussed thoroughly do not need to be addressed again.
Example:
That is a decision which you must live with for the rest of your life.
Better:
That is a decision you must live with for the rest of your life. OR
You must live with that decision for the rest of your life.

TAKE THE QUIZ!!!

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An Image of Africa

Achebe wrote this essay based on the argument of "The Classics" vs. "Contemporary" literature. Do a Google search for "the classics" and you'll find a slew of works by "dead white guys." These books are "classic," yes, but are they an accurate portrayal of the human spirit as a whole...especially since they are all from the white, European, male perspective?

So I guess my question is.....do you agree with Chinua Achebe's point/observation that "Conrad was a bloody racist"?